Title insurance is a contractual obligation between a homeowner and/or lender and the title insurance company, wherein the insurer, in exchange for a premium payment, provides protection against future losses that might result from a variety of possible title defects or encumbrances that existed at the time of closing.
Before you purchased your home, it may have gone through several ownership changes, and the land on which it stands went through many more. There may be a weak link at any point in the chain that could emerge to cause trouble. For example, someone along the way may have forged a signature in transferring title. Or there may be unpaid real estate taxes or other liens. Title insurance covers the insured party for any claims and legal fees that arise out of such problems.

• Improper execution of documents
• Mistakes in recording of legal documents
• Mistakes in the indexing of legal documents
• Mistakes in legal descriptions of property
• Forgeries and fraud Undisclosed or missing heirs Unpaid taxes and assessments
• Unpaid judgments and liens
• Unreleased mortgages
• Incorrect interpretation of wills
• Mental incompetence of grantors of property
• Impersonation of the true owners of the land by fraudulent persons
• Fraud in securing essential signatures
• Refusal of lender to provide financing based upon condition of title
• Refusal of potential purchaser to accept title based upon condition of title

A defect can include a prior claim of ownership from someone other than the person selling you the property, for instance an ex-wife, a former partner or a co-inheritor. It could also include a claim for an easement, giving someone a right of access across your land. For instance, in a lakeside community, an easement along your lakefront property could provide walkway access to the lake for other residents in the area. Another claim could result from a court judgment against the former owner that resulted in a lien placed on the property. Normally, property and casualty insurance insures against possible losses in the future, such as automobile insurance that protects you against future accidents. Title insurance protects against things that happened in the past, and insurers seek to minimize that risk prior to your purchase of the home. In fact, according to the American Land Title Association, more than 1/3 of all title searches reveal a title problem that title professionals fix before buyers go to closing.

Before the lender finalizes a mortgage on your property, a search of all public records is conducted by a title agent or abstractor. County clerks or recorders maintain records on each property within the nearly 3,600 counties in the United States . These records include legal descriptions of the property; a list of all past owners; current mortgages held by lenders, including home equity lines of credit; liens or judgments placed against the property; and tax records associated with the property. After gathering all of the data on the property, a title agent or attorney prepares a report for the lender. Prior to lending against the property, the lender must be assured all claims of mortgages, taxes and liens against the former owner are cleared up so the lender has first claim against the property, should you default.

At the time of your closing, the lender provides the closing or escrow agent with a detailed list of instructions, authorizing the agent to pay off all claims at the time the property changes hands.

A homebuyer purchasing a home with cash would pay for the title search, title report and title insurance. If the homebuyer is taking out a mortgage on the property, the lender requires the title search, report and insurance as a condition of making a mortgage on the property. However, the fees are still paid by the homebuyer as part of the settlement costs associated with the purchase of the property. Alternatively, in some states, the seller is required to pay for the title insurance. The homebuyer is also encouraged to purchase an owner’s policy in addition to the lender’s policy.

Title companies routinely issue two types of policies: An “owner’s” policy that insures you, the homebuyer for as long as you and your heirs own the home; and a “lender’s” policy that insures the priority of the lender’s security interest over the claims that others may have in the property.

The title insurance policy is in effect as long as you hold title to the property. If at any time the property changes hands from one owner to another, a new Owner's Title Insurance Policy must be purchased to continue protection.

ONCE! The fee is due when you purchase the home, and you never pay it again.